Briefing: four problems in the UK asylum system and how to address them

Following last year’s legacy backlog clearance exercise, the backlog of cases has shifted to either end of the asylum process. There are tens of thousands of cases that are sitting in the inadmissibility process and not even being considered, and then there are also tens of thousands of cases that were refused towards the end of last year and have moved into the tribunal system as appeals.

The backlog is the single most important problem with the asylum system. Unlike arrivals, it is something the government can control. It creates huge financial costs for the taxpayer. It sucks money out of the international aid budget. It distracts ministers and officials from other issues. The thought of asylum seekers staying in hotels is politically toxic. It is also terrible for the refugees waiting interminably for a decision. Their lives are on hold, they live in destitution-level support in poor accommodation and they are prevented from working or doing anything productive.

Eventually around three quarters of them will be recognised as refugees and become permanent members of our society. Making their lives so miserable and difficult rather than helping them get on their feet is not a good idea for any of us. And, as we will see, barely anyone who is refused asylum is removed from the UK anyway.

The only group to benefit from the long waiting times are those whose cases will ultimately fail; by the time that happens they will have been living here for years and it will be even harder for the government to remove than would otherwise have been the case.

In this briefing we will take a look at what is really going on with the main features of the contemporary asylum system: arrivals, the backlog, detention, removal and resettlement. The focus is on what caused the backlog and what consequences will flow from the recent legal changes and the large number of decisions made last year. The information is drawn mainly from the quarterly immigration statistics and transparency data for the year ended March 2024, the most recent available at the time of writing.

The picture the data presents is of a system that has been overwhelmed. Not by new arrivals but by mismanagement.

Asylum arrivals

Following a significant peak in 2002, the number of asylum applications made in the United Kingdom was fairly stable between 2005 and 2020. The Syrian refugee crisis beginning in 2014 caused a slight rise in overall numbers.

The number of asylum applications increased significantly in 2021 and again in 2022, however. This was largely due to increasing numbers of arrival by means of small boats.

The shrinking area of green for 2020 and 2021 on the chart reflects the fact that the increase in small boat arrivals in large part represented a change of route by asylum seekers. Previously, lorries had been the principal means of entry to claim asylum.

The number of small boat arrivals can be seen to have increased sharply from nowhere in 2018. The following chart shows overall numbers and also gives you an idea of arrivals by quarter. You can see that arrivals in 2024 have already exceeded all previous years.

The drop in 2023 compared to 2022 is almost entirely due to the rapid increase and then equally rapid decrease in arrivals by Albanians during 2022. In effect, this inflated the 2022 figures quite considerably.

Albanians do not feature in the top ten arrivals so far in 2024, where we see that Vietnamese and Afghan nationals have been coming in the highest numbers.

Asylum backlog

The stand out problems of the asylum system today are the use of the inadmissibility process and the asylum appeals backlog. These are recent developments that, unlike small boat arrivals, lie almost entirely within the control of the Home Office.

Asylum decision making slows for claims made on or after 28 June 2022

The Nationality and Borders Act 2022 put the inadmissibility process into primary legislation. In brief, this gave the Home Office the discretion to refuse to consider an asylum claim in certain circumstances, including where a person passed through another country on the way to the UK. The purpose of deeming a claim inadmissible is that the person would then be sent from the UK to a third country and the UK would have no further obligation towards them.

As the UK has not agreed any returns with European countries to replace the pre-Brexit system and Rwanda was never going to work and now seems finished as a policy, we are in a position where the Home Office is refusing to consider claims but has nowhere to send anyone whose case is deemed inadmissible. The inadmissibility process is obviously not fit for purpose and is instead causing a new backlog (or backlogs).

This is undoing the progress that was made in last year’s backlog clearance exercise for claims made before 28 June 2022.

Causes of the asylum backlog

We can see the root cause of the current asylum backlog lies back in 2018, when the percentage of asylum cases decided within six months suddenly plummeted.

There are now tens of thousands of refugees who have been waiting for longer than a year for an initial decision. This is really expensive because they are not allowed to work, and so have to be supported by the government. Because the backlog was allowed to grow, the Home Office ran out of ordinary asylum accommodation long ago and has had to resort to using hotels. The international aid budget has been plundered in order to fund this. Immigration fees have been ratcheted up yet again in order to plug the hole in the Home Office budget.

To deal with the backlog, the government decided to recruit more officials to decide asylum claims. Braverman, during her second stint as Home Secretary, said she planned to have 1,300 caseworkers in place by March 2023, a target she managed to hit. Sunak then pledged in December 2022 to double the number then in place, which would mean reaching a total 2,400 caseworkers. That number was hit in August 2023 and has increased slightly since then.

Towards the end of the legacy backlog clearance exercise, many of the decisions were made without conducting an interview. We can see from the transparency data that 16,828 decisions were taken in December 2023 but only 4,890 interviews. It seems unlikely that the Home Office will continue to decide such a high proportion of cases without an interview, and we can already see that the rate of decision making has fallen considerably following the completion of the legacy backlog exercise.

The Home Office has had to recruit a large number of inexperienced decision makers. The analogy that comes to mind is with policing; around 20,000 police officers were cut in the austerity years after 2010. The government then announced it would recruit new police officers. 20,000 of them, as it happens. But they are not like-for-like replacements. They are inexperienced rookies who require training. They are less productive and need to learn the ropes.

The Home Office initially focussed on easy grants, deciding claims from high grant countries at the beginning of the backlog clearance, leaving refusals until the latter part of 2023. Concerns were raised about the quality of decision making towards the end of the process and the grant rate fell to 43% in the first three months of 2024.

This is anecdotal, but even with my very small case load as a barrister I have seen two asylum decisions towards the end of 2023 that surprised me. The Home Office’s own country information had been overlooked. All I really had to do at appeal was point to that information and the appeals were allowed. If those sorts of errors are occurring at scale and lots of unnecessary appeals are having to be lodged, that is going to contribute to a significant problem in the First-tier Tribunal, which is experiencing its own growing backlog.

Problems ahead

The number of asylum decisions soared in the fourth quarter of 2023 to an astonishing 49,094 proper decisions plus a further 9,087 withdrawals of asylum claims. 28,231 decisions were grants of asylum and 19,997 were refusals. This rapid increase in decisions means there are significant new problems in the asylum system:

1. What happens to the person behind withdrawals of asylum claims? Most of them remain in the country.
2. What happens to the 28,000 newly recognised refugees? They get very short notice before they are evicted from asylum accommodation, which is insufficient time to find a job or accommodation, so they end up homeless and supported by their local authority.
3. What happens to the almost 20,000 refused asylum seekers? They lodge appeals, which must then be processed. Waiting times were already approaching two years even before this rapid increase in the number of refusals. They must be supported by the Home Office during that time. They are unlikely to have lawyers which will make navigating the appeal process more difficult for them, the tribunal and the Home Office.
4. What happens to failed asylum seekers at the end of the process? Very few are removed.

Let’s consider each of these in a bit more detail.

Are asylum withdrawals really a “decision”?

Since the start of 2023 there has been a huge increase in withdrawals of asylum claims. This process seems to have targeted Albanians. Of 6,068 asylum withdrawals in the first quarter of 2023, 4,386 of them — almost three quarters — were by Albanians. In the first quarter of 2024, 2,189 of the 6,635 withdrawn claims were from Albanians.

The spike in resettlement cases in 2021 Q3 represents the Afghan evacuation. You can see for yourself how refugee resettlement work has fallen off since then.

A National Audit Office report in June 2023 revealed that many of these ‘withdrawals’ were actually what lawyers call non-compliance refusals: the asylum seeker failed to return a form on time, did not turn up to an appointment or something like that. Some asylum seekers may genuinely have deliberately disappeared. But experience suggests the Home Office is bad at logging changes of address, posts things to the wrong address anyway and that a certain proportion of these decisions will turn out to be wrong.

This creates a significant long term problem. Many of those treated as ‘withdrawn’ will still be in the UK and will resurface. They may lodge a judicial review of the non-compliance refusal if they think it was a mistake by the Home Office or otherwise will renew their asylum claim or make a new one. They will become complex cases and will take additional resources to process. The Home Office may be making more work for itself in the long run by trying to hit its short-term targets. This would be entirely typical behaviour by the department.

To illustrate the point, consider the number of Albanians who have arrived since 2022 and what happened to them.

Since the beginning of 2022 there have been 21,790 asylum claims made by Albanian nationals. Over the same period there have been 14,529 withdrawn Albanian asylum claims. Only 3,591 Albanians made voluntary departures in the year ending March 2024, though. A further 2,842 were forcibly returned, making a total of 6,433 Albanians who made enforced or voluntary departures in the year ending March 2024.

We can therefore see that thousands of Albanians remain in the United Kingdom, including those that made then withdrew asylum claims. Their case papers may have been taken off the books and out of the backlog but the actual human beings behind those cases have not disappeared and at some point their cases will need to be considered. In the meantime, with no rights in this country, they face being exploited in order to survive.

What happens to all the newly recognised refugees?

Over 50,000 grants of asylum were made between in the second half of 2023. All of those newly recognised refugees moved from being supported by the Home Office to either standing on their own two feet or being supported by their local authority. Or they fell through the gap and ended up homeless.

After several years of enforced idleness, it is no surprise if only a small percentage manage to find a job in the short space of time the Home Office gives them between issuing their new immigration papers and evicting them from their asylum accommodation.

Sonia has written about this on Free Movement before: last year the Home Office quietly reneged on a commitment to give refugees 28 days between issuing their immigration papers and evicting them from their asylum accommodation. Sometimes they were given just days.

Even where the full 28 days is given it is impossible to find a job, be paid and find accommodation in that time. It also makes it very hard to get support from the relevant local authority. As a result, local authorities are finding themselves having to accommodate thousands of refugees at basically no notice.

Some idiots will claim that refugees becoming homeless just goes to show how they are a drain on public resources. If we keep them waiting for years in remote locations, prevent them from working during that time and do everything in our power to prevent them integrating and then give them virtually no notice they are to be granted status and evicted from their accommodation, of course they are going to struggle even more than they might have otherwise.

Local authorities need urgent funding. Central government should allow refugees to find jobs if they’ve been waiting for longer than six months, given them a longer notice period before evicting them from asylum accommodation and offer an integration package, for example including language and career training.

Asylum appeals incoming

In 2022, 76% of initial asylum decisions by the Home Office were grants of protection. As a percentage, that is an historic high not seen since since the 1980s, when there were far fewer asylum claims being made.

However, because of the sheer number of decisions being made, there are also now a lot of asylum seekers being refused asylum: 33,250 in the six months to March 2024. We have already seen that the number of asylum appeals being lodged has increased significantly and in the six months to March 2024 the First-tier Tribunal received 22,928 asylum appeals.

We might expect the appeal success rate to fall somewhat as the initial application success rises but there is no evidence of that happening yet (the Home Office has not published data later than 2022 on this).

The appeal backlog is growing. The average time it takes for the First-tier Tribunal to decide an asylum case was 39 weeks in the period January to March 2024. This is up from 29 weeks prior to the pandemic and we can expect it to increase substantially from this year as the additional appeals work their way through the system. It was inevitable that the asylum caseload at the tribunal would increase as a result of increased Home Office decision making but it seems this has not been matched by increased resources for appeals.

There is a further problem which exacerbates the situation: there are no lawyers left. That’s because legal aid rates are so low that lawyers cannot afford to do the work any more. This may well be a cause for celebration for some, but it risks serious unfairness and causes significant problems to the tribunal system.

Already, even before the increase in the number of appeals being lodged, around half of asylum seekers were unable to find a legal aid lawyer. That proportion is going to fall. We don’t grow on trees and even if funding were improved it would still take time to expand the pool of available legal aid lawyers.

The lack of lawyers means that many asylum seekers will go unrepresented. As well as being unfair and risking bad outcomes, including return of refugees to situations of persecution, it builds in additional delays and will make it much harder to reduce the appeal backlog. It takes a lot longer for judges to deal with appeals where there is no lawyer involved.

Refusal ≠ removal

Very few asylum seekers have been removed or voluntarily departed from the UK in recent years. This may be in part because there have been fewer failed asylum seekers to remove because of the comparatively low number of claims, the high grant rate and a lower volume of decisions. However, the long term trend looks a lot like diminished state capacity to enforce or encourage departure of failed asylum seekers.

There were just 346 enforced asylum returns in the whole of 2021 and 588 in 2022. The number has increased to 1,879 in 2023. The vast majority were Albanian, however, and they also made up just under half of all voluntary departures.

There are only a limited number of Albanians to depart from the United Kingdom given that they stopped arriving in significant numbers in late 2022. Once they are taken out of the figures, we can see that very few failed asylum seekers are generally removed.

During the same period (i.e. year ending March 2024), there were a total of 42,410 asylum refusals. Of course, removals are unlikely to occur straightaway following refusal, not least because a refused asylum seeker has a right of appeal. There were 6,371 asylum refusals in the twelve month period before that.

In total, there have been just over 74,662 asylum refusals in the last five years and just over 15,000 enforced and voluntary returns.

The reality is that even those who lose their asylum cases — a relatively small minority at the moment, given the rise in the grant rate — are likely to remain in the United Kingdom in the long term. No government has been willing to engage with this policy issue since 2010.

Immigration detention

Use of immigration detention has decreased in recent years. At the same time, the percentage of those experiencing immigration detention who are asylum seekers increased markedly in 2021 and 2022 before dropping again last year.

Immigration detention is supposed to be for the purpose of removing those with no permission to remain in the United Kingdom. Immigration detention centres are formally called ‘removal’ centres. However, the number of detainees leaving detention to be removed from the country has fallen drastically since 2010. The majority are now released into the community.

This calls into question whether a decision to detain these people was the right one. The cost of holding a person in immigration detention is around £90 per day.

Substantial numbers of people experience fairly short term detention and some experience prolonged detention.

The percentage of people held in short term detention increased markedly in 2021 and then fell back again in 2022. It seems reasonable to assume many of these individuals were asylum seekers given that the number of asylum seekers experiencing detention increased at the same time (see above). Their detention certainly does not seem to have led to faster decisions or to more removals so, again, the purpose of detaining them is unclear.

The big story with immigration detention is that capacity is very limited compared to the number of failed asylum seekers, particularly bearing in mind that detention space is also needed for foreign national offenders, overstayers and refused entrants. Unless a government is willing to build extensive (and expensive) prison camps and then also use them — meaning long term detention of some, dawn raids, self harm, suicides other manifestations or consequences of that degree of state coercion, the number of detention spaces is never likely to be sufficient to remove all those the government in theory wishes to remove.

Detention is therefore likely to be arbitrary, in the sense that it is a matter of good or bad luck whether any given individual in the “pool” of potential removees is actually detained and removed. Effectively, all it is being used for is to punish a small sample of a wider class of person.

If detention is to be used on a more rational basis, the issues are around how Home Office resources are organised and allocated, what groups if any are targeted for removal and what safeguards if any are used to prevent discrimination, abuse and the selection of ‘soft’ targets.

For example, detaining for a prolonged period a foreign national offender who is never likely to be removed means that one detention space is “blocked” for a substantial period. Its function is to give the department short term political cover but it comes at the cost of not being able to use that detention space for other purposes. It is obviously bad for the detainee, it is pointless aside from the political cover it provides and it is actively harmful to wider departmental objectives.

The drift in recent years away from the use of detention for the purpose of removal is likely to be the result of a lack of focus on these issues.

Resettlement and safe and legal routes

The government likes to talk about safe and legal routes to reach the United Kingdom. The reality is that unless you are Afghan, Ukrainian or from Hong Kong there are no such routes to speak of.

In the year ended March 2024, 6,042 refugees were resettled through Afghan schemes and just 468 through the wider UK resettlement scheme.

There is no queue to jump. It is not possible for a person to apply for the general resettlement scheme. Eligibility is determined by UNHCR. Essentially, a person has to be a registered refugee in a UNHCR administered refugee camp and hope they are picked for resettlement. If they are selected, they have no say over the country to which they are resettled. It might be the UK but it might be Australia, Canada, the United States or other participating countries.

The good news is that as 10 June 2024 a total of 207,900 Ukrainians had entered the UK under the two visa routes opened for them. Some will also have returned home in that time. You can see the latest statistics yourself here. Many more visas than that had been issued but not yet used. UNHCR have put together data on which countries are hosting how many refugees. By way of comparison, Poland is estimated to be hosting 957,505, Germany 1,169,630 million, Czech Republic 346,830, Spain 202,700, Italy 170,580, the Republic of Moldova 120,470 and France 67,645.

A total of 144,400 British Nationals (Overseas) from Hong Kong and their dependants have arrived in the UK under the route opened for them in January 2021. While the Home Office has classed this as a resettlement or protection route, the vast majority are not refugees according to the legal definition of a refugee and many would reject that label.

What can be done?

The United Kingdom asylum system is indeed broken. It is, to a very significant extent, the Conservative government that broke it. It was on their watch that small boat crossings soared and so did the asylum backlog. Schemes like a new 10 year route for refugees, later abandoned, the Rwanda fiasco, the Illegal Migration Act and increasing the Home Office resources funnelled into pointless age disputes made the situation worse not better.

The good news for a new Home Secretary after the election is that the situation seems to have stabilised. But, as we have seen, there are still significant issues to be addressed, caused in large part by the aftermath of that backlog as well as the use of the pointless inadmissibility process. Without quick action to process the cases waiting in inadmissibility the backlog will soon be out of control again.

Ministers and managers need to think about prioritising resources. This has to mean doing less of some things in order to do more of others. Why not just grant recognised refugees immediate settlement, for example, rather than conducting a meaningless review of their status after five years?

The asylum system is not beyond repair. It requires competent focus on the boring day job instead of being distracted by pointless or even counterproductive gimmicks. The idea that the Home Office is going to remove all of people in the inadmissibility backlog plus all those who newly arrive is preposterous. They will either have to be supported by the state in the meantime or they will disappear, as without any prospect of being granted asylum there is no incentive to remain in contact with the Home Office. 

Recent changes show that positive asylum decisions can be made much, much faster than in the past, which is great news for everyone. It’s just not that hard to grant asylum to an Afghan, Eritrean, Sudanese or Syrian given they have a 98% grant rate or more. All officials need to do is to establish nationality, conduct security checks and issue the grant letter. The Home Office initially messed even that up by issuing long, complex forms in English only and failing to fund any help to fill them in. Absurdly, after we warned them it was a bad idea, they decided to blame the lawyers. Again. Officials can and should learn from these mistakes.

The treatment of refugees in the backlog and when they receive a positive decision should be reviewed. Allowing asylum seekers to work after six months waiting for a decision would mean far fewer becoming homeless when they are granted asylum, for example. Even just giving them a bit more time between receiving their immigration papers and evicting them might reduce the number who end up homeless. A support and welcome package for newly recognised refugees should be introduced, which would save money in the long run.

More resources urgently need to be challenged into asylum appeals and legal aid. The appeal success rate remains very high, suggesting that many unnecessary appeals are being lodged. Proper, realistic reviews of pending cases might reduce the appeals backlog and save considerable time and money. Monitoring of officials who wrongly refuse applications or reject an appeal review should be introduced.

The department’s approach to detention and removal needs reviewing. What is detention really for? If very few failed asylum seekers can be removed then does the department want to focus resources on particular groups and what should happen to the rest? Is it acceptable to simply add them to the unauthorised resident population and allow them to regularise only after they have children or live below the radar for 20 years?

If we step back and look at the fundamental change in the asylum grant rate combined with the low number of asylum removals and departures, we can see that it is time to scrap the deterrent policies established in the 1990s and early 2000s, when far fewer asylum claims succeeded. Michael Howard, then Home Secretary, told Parliament in 1995 that only 4% of asylum succeeded as did a further 4% of appeals.

The ban on the right to work, the destitution-level support offered instead, the squalid accommodation and camps and the highly bureaucratic, faceless asylum process all absorb vast Home Office resources to administer. These policies, which belong to a bygone age, deter no-one. They merely serve to punish genuine refugees who will ultimately get to stay in the United Kingdom in the long term. It is their interests and ours to help them integrate as soon as possible rather than forcing them into this demeaning purgatory first.

This article was updated by Sonia Lenegan in June 2024.

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